Ukuguquka komhlaba wonke kwezokuthutha okusimeme kubeke ukunaka okungakaze kubonwe embonini yezimoto zikagesi kanye nobuchwepheshe bayo obuyisisekelo: ibhetri. Njengoba ohulumeni beqinisa imithetho yokukhishwa kwezinto ezingcolisayo futhi abathengi befuna ezinye izindlela ezihlanzekile, isidingo samabhetri athembekile, asebenza kahle kakhulu ezimotweni zikagesi siyaqhubeka sikhula. Noma ngabe uhlola inkampani yezimoto zikagesi ukuze uthenge izimoto zeqembu, ucwaninga ngohlobo lwe-BYD car brand model, noma ucabangela i-ola electric scooter yokuhamba nsuku zonke, ukuqonda izisekelo zebhetri kubalulekile. Iphakethe lebhetri akulona nje umthombo wamandla; liyona nto ebiza kakhulu futhi echaza ukusebenza kunoma iyiphi imoto kagesi. Kochwepheshe bomkhakha abafana ne-深圳市富嘉电源科技有限公司 (Fujia Power), abahlinzeki abaziwayo bezixazululo ze-BMS nokushaja, ukuthuthukisa ukuthembeka kobuhlakani bebhetri kungumgogodla womsebenzi wabo. Lo mhlahlandlela obanzi uhlola izinhlobo zamabhetri ezimoto zikagesi, izici zokuphila kwesikhathi, izindlela ezing краще zokunakekela, kanye nezitayela zesikhathi esizayo, ekunikeza ulwazi lokwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi emakethe eguquka ngokushesha.

Amabhetri ezimoto zikagesi ayizinhlelo zokugcina amandla ezishajwayo eziklanyelwe ukunikeza amandla aphezulu enjini kagesi isikhathi eside. Ngokungafani namabhetri amancane e-lead-acid okuqala atholakala ezimotweni ezijwayelekile, amabhetri ezimoto zikagesi (EV) amaphakethe amakhulu agcina amandla angamashumi amakhilowathi-awa. Lawa maphakethe akhiwe ngamaseli e-lithium-ion angamakhulu noma izinkulungwane ahlelwe ngamamojula, wonke elawulwa uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokuphatha ibhetri (BMS). I-BMS iqhubeka iqapha amandla kagesi eseli, izinga lokushisa, kanye nesimo sokushaja ukuze iqinisekise ukusebenza okulinganiselayo, ukuphepha kokushisa, kanye nokukhipha amandla okuphezulu. Izinkampani ezifana ne-Fujia Power zithuthukise izixazululo ezikhethekile ze-BMS ezilungisa ukulinganisela kwamaseli futhi zivikela ekushajweni ngokweqile, ekushiseni ngokweqile, nasekukhishweni okujulile, ngaleyo ndlela zandisa impilo yonke yebhetri. Umthamo webhetri ulinganiswa ngamakhilowathi-awa (kWh), futhi izimoto zikagesi eziningi zabagibeli namuhla zisukela ku-30 kWh kuya ngaphezu kuka-100 kWh, lapho umthamo ophezulu uhumusha ngokuqondile ebangeni elide lokushayela. Ukuqonda lezi zinto eziyisisekelo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohlaziya uhlelo lobuchwepheshe benkampani yezimoto zikagesi noma ohlola amasheya ezimoto zikagesi njengethuba lokutshala imali isikhathi eside. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, ukucushwa, kanye nekhwalithi ye-BMS kuhlanganisa ndawonye kunquma ukuthi ibhetri isebenza kahle kangakanani empilweni yayo yonke.

Iningi lezimoto zikagesi zanamuhla lincike kumabhethri e-lithium-ion (Li-ion) ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwazo okuhle kokuminyana kwamandla, isisindo, kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza ezinciphayo. Emndenini we-Li-ion, kuye kwavela amakhemikhali amaningana, ngalinye linikeza ukuhwebelana okuhlukile. Amabhethri e-Nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) anikeza ukuminyana kwamandla okuphezulu, okwenza adume ezimotweni zikagesi ezikahle ezinohla olude, kuyilapho amabhethri e-lithium iron phosphate (LFP) enikeza ukuzinza okuphezulu kokushisa kanye nempilo ende yokusebenza ngezindleko eziphansi. Umkhiqizi wezimoto i-BYD ube ngumsekeli omkhulu wobuchwepheshe be-LFP, ewusebenzisa kumamodeli afana ne-Blade Battery ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha nokuqina. Okwamanje, amabhethri e-solid-state abhekwa njengomkhakha olandelayo, esikhundleni se-liquid electrolyte evuthayo afaka i-solid ceramic noma i-polymer material. I-solid-state ithembisa ukuminyana kwamandla okuphezulu ngama-50%, ukushaja okusheshayo, kanye nokunciphisa kakhulu ubungozi bomlilo. Abakhiqizi bezimoto abakhulu kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo bancintisana ukuze bakhiqize lobu buchwepheshe, kanti ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi kulindeleke ekuqaleni kwawo-2030s. Ezimotweni ezincane ezifana ne-ola electric scooter, i-Li-ion isalokhu iyikhetho elikhona namuhla ngenxa yokuvuthwa kwayo nokonga izindleko, kodwa i-solid-state ekugcineni ingaletha ibanga elide kanye nezikhathi zokushaja ezisheshayo kuma-two-wheelers nakho. Ukuvela kwamakhemikhali amabhethri kuthinta ngqo intengo yezimoto, ukuhlelwa kwengqalasizinda, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwamanethiwekhi afana neziteshi zokushaja ze-tata power ezimakethe ezikhulayo.

Isikhathi sokuphila kwebhethri lezimoto zikagesi sinqunywa ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi kokonakala kwamakhemikhali, izimo zemvelo, nokuziphatha komsebenzisi. Into enomthelela omkhulu kunazo zonke ukuchayeka ezingeni lokushisa, lapho ukushisa okude kusheshisa ukubola kwezinto ze-electrolyte kanti amakhaza amakhulu anciphisa okwesikhashana amandla asetshenziswayo futhi andise ukumelana kwangaphakathi. Imikhuba yokushaja ibalulekile ngokufanayo: ukusetshenziswa njalo kweziteshi zokushaja ezisheshayo ze-DC ezinamandla aphezulu kukhiqiza ukushisa nengcindezi eningi kune-AC eshaja kancane, okungasheshisa ukuncipha kwamandla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukujula kokukhipha amandla (DoD) nakho kudlala indima enkulu—ukukhipha ibhethri ngaphansi kuka-20% noma ukulishaja ngaphezu kuka-80% njalo kungafinyeza impilo yomjikelezo walo uma kuqhathaniswa nokugcina izinga lokushaja phakathi nendawo. Inani lemijikelezo yokushaja egcwele ibhethri elingakwazi ukulimelana nalo ngaphambi kokonakala okukhulu lihluka ngokwakheka kwamakhemikhali, lapho amaphakethe amaningi anamuhla e-LFP ehlala imijikelezo engu-2,000–5,000 kanti amaphakethe e-NMC ngokuvamile alinganiselwa emijikelezweni engu-1,000–2,000. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza kanye nobuhlakani be-BMS kuyizivikelo ezibalulekile ngokufanayo. Izixazululo ze-BMS ze-Fujia Power zihlanganisa ama-algorithms aguquguqukayo alinganisa amandla kumaseli, aphoqelela imikhawulo yokushisa, futhi avimbele ukushaja ngokweqile noma ukukhipha amandla okujulile, ngaleyo ndlela elondoloza impilo yebhethri eminyakeni yokusetshenziswa. Kubatshalizimali abaqapha amasheya ezimoto zikagesi, ubude bempilo yebhethri kuyisilinganiso esibalulekile esithinta ngqo izindleko zewaranti, inani lokuthengisa kabusha lemoto, nokwethenjwa kwabathengi emkhiqizweni.

Ngenakeino olufanele, abanikazi bezimoto zikagesi bangakwazi ukwelula impilo yebhethri futhi balondoloze inani lemoto. Enye yezindlela ezilula kodwa eziphumelela kakhulu ukugwema ukushaja ibhethri ngokugcwele njalo kuze kube ngu-100% ngaphandle uma kuhleliwe uhambo olude; abakhiqizi abaningi batusa ukugcina izinga lokushaja phakathi kuka-20% no-80% ekushayeleni kwansuku zonke ukuze kuncishiswe ukucindezeleka kumaseli. Ukupaka ezindaweni ezinomthunzi noma ezigaraji kusiza ukunciphisa ukuchayeka ekushiseni okukhulu, okuyinto esheshisa kakhulu ukuwohloka kwebhethri. Uma usebenzisa ingqalasizinda yomphakathi njengeziteshi zokushaja ze-tata power, ukukhetha ukushaja nge-AC ukuze ugcwalise amandla njalo esikhundleni sokushaja ngokushesha nge-DC kunganciphisa ukucindezeleka kokushisa futhi kunciphise ukulahleka kwamandla esikhathi eside. Izibuyekezo zesofthiwe ezivela kumkhiqizi wemoto noma kumhlinzeki we-BMS kufanele zifakwe ngokushesha, ngoba zivame ukufaka izindlela ezithuthukisiwe zokushaja kanye nokuphathwa kokushisa. Kubanikazi bezithuthi ezinamasondo amabili, njengalabo abagibela i-ola electric scooter, ukugwema ukushaja ngokuphelele kanye nokugcina imoto inamandla athile ngesikhathi sokungayisebenzisi isikhathi eside kubalulekile ekulondolozeni impilo yamaseli. Ukusebenzisa imishini yokushaja esezingeni eliphezulu nakho kunomthelela omuhle. I-Fujia Power inikeza uhla lwe-ishaja ephathwayo izixazululo kanye ne-IKHATHALOGI YEZISHAJA ZAKWA-FUJIA eqinisekisa ukulawulwa okufanele kwe-voltage nokugeleza kwamanje, ivikela ibhetri ekuphazamisekeni okuyingozi kokushaja. Ngokuhlanganisa izinto zokushaja eziqinile nobuchwepheshe be-BMS obuhlakaniphile, abanikazi bangabambezela kakhulu ukuncipha kokusebenza okungenakugwenywa okwenzeka ngokuguga.

Iminyaka eyishumi ezayo ithembisa izinguquko ezinkulu kubuchwepheshe bamabhethri ezimoto zikagesi, iqhutshwa ukuncintisana okunamandla emhlabeni wonke kanye nesidingo esikhulayo sokugcina amandla ahlanzekile. Amabhethri e-solid-state ahlala eyinto elindelwe kakhulu njengophawu lwentuthuko, enamandla okuletha ukuminyana kwamandla okuphindwe kabili kunalawo amabhethri e-Li-ion amanje kuyilapho cishe eqeda ubungozi bomlilo. Amabhethri e-sodium-ion nawo avela njengenye indlela enezindleko eziphansi, enothile ngezinsiza, yezimoto zikagesi ezisezingeni lokungena kanye nokugcina amandla kugridi, kunciphisa ukuncika emaketangeni okuhlinzekwa kwe-lithium ne-cobalt. Ukushintshaniswa kwamabhethri, osekuthandwa kakhulu ezithuthini ezinamasondo amabili ezimakethe ezifana ne-India ne-China, manje sekuhlolwa ezimotweni zabagibeli ukuze kuqedwe ngokuphelele isikhathi sokulinda ukushaja. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinkundla zedijithali ezihlakaniphile kungenye yezitayela ezibalulekile. I-Fujia Power'sInkundla yefu, ngokwesibonelo, inika amandla ukuqapha kwebhethri ngesikhathi sangempela, izaziso zokugcinwa kwempahla ngokubikezela, kanye nokuhlaziywa komjikelezo wokuphila kwabaqhubi bezimoto kanye nabasebenzisi ngabanye ngokufanayo. Kubatshali bezimali, amasheya ezimoto zikagesi axhumene nabakhiqizi bamabhethri, abagayizi bezinto, kanye nabahlinzeki bengqalasizinda baqhubeka beheha imali enkulu. Okwamanje, ukunwetshwa kweziteshi zokushaja ze-Tata Power eNdiya nakwezinye izifunda kubonisa ukukhula okufanayo kwamanethiwekhi okushaja adingekayo ukusekela inani elikhulayo lezimoto zikagesi. Njengoba noma iyiphi inkampani yezimoto zikagesi eqhudelanayo yazi, ikhono lokunikeza ibanga elide, ukushaja okusheshayo, kanye neziqinisekiso ezandisiwe zebhethri kuyonquma ubuholi bemakethe eminyakeni ezayo. Ukuhlangana kwamakhemikhali athuthukile, i-BMS ehlakaniphile, kanye nengqalasizinda eqinile yokushaja kudala umjikelezo omuhle othembisa ukwenza ukuhamba ngogesi kufinyeleleke futhi kuthembeke kakhulu kunangaphambili.

Izimoto zikagesi eziyibhetri yinhliziyo yenguquko yezokuthutha ezihlanzekile, futhi ukuqonda izinhlobo zazo, isikhathi sokusebenza, nokunakekelwa kubalulekile kubathengi, abaqhubi bezimoto, kanye nabatshali bezimali ngokufanayo. Kusukela ekuthembekeni okufakazelwe kobuchwepheshe be-lithium-ion kuya esithembisweni esikhulu sobuchwepheshe be-solid-state, izinqumo ezenziwa namuhla zizozwakala emkhakheni wezimoto nokwakha amandla eminyakeni eminingi ezayo. Izinkampani ezinjenge-Fujia Power zidlala indima ebalulekile kulesi simiso ngokuletha imikhiqizo ekhethekile ye-BMS neyokushaja ethuthukisa ukuphepha, inweba isikhathi sokuphila kwebhetri, futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza. Noma ngabe ucwaninga nge-BYD car brand SUV, uhlola i-ola electric scooter yokuhamba emadolobheni, usebenzisa iziteshi zokushaja ze-tata power, noma ulandelela izitoko zezimoto zikagesi, ukuqonda okuqinile kwezisekelo zebhetri kuvumela izinqumo ezihlakaniphile neziqinisekile. Umkhakha uthuthuka ngesivinini esimangalisayo, futhi ukuhlala unolwazi ngemithombo ethembekile yisu elihle kakhulu lokuzulazula ekusaseni lezimoto zikagesi. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe ngobuchwepheshe be-BMS nezixazululo zokushaja, vakashela i-Ukusekela ikhasi noma uhlole izibuyekezo zakamuva ku-Izindaba isigaba se-Fujia Power.

Amabhethri amaningi esimanje ezimoto zikagesi aklanyelwe ukuthi ahlale phakathi kweminyaka engu-8 nengu-15, kuye ngokwakheka kwamakhemikhali, indlela yokusetshenziswa, kanye nesimo sezulu. Abakhiqizi bavame ukunikeza iziqinisekiso ezihlanganisa iminyaka engu-8 noma amamayela angu-100,000, futhi amaphakethe amaningi agcina amandla angu-70–80% ngemva kwalowo sikhathi. Ubude bempilo yangempela buncike kakhulu ezintweni ezinjengokuchayeka ekushiseni noma ekubandeni kanye nemikhuba yokushaja.

Amazinga okushisa abandayo anciphisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ngaphakathi kwamaseli e-lithium-ion, okwehlisa okwesikhashana amandla asetshenziswayo futhi kwandise ukumelana kwangaphakathi. Abashayeli bangase babone ukulahlekelwa kwebanga elingama-20–40% ezimweni ezingaphansi kweqanda. Nokho, ibhethri livame ukubuyela emandleni aphelele uma selifudunyeziwe, futhi izimoto eziningi zikagesi zihlanganisa izinhlelo zokulawula ukushisa ukuze zinciphise imiphumela yesimo sezulu esibandayo.

Ukushaja ngokushesha kwe-DC njalo kukhiqiza ukushisa okuphezulu nengcindezi uma kuqhathaniswa nokushaja kwe-AC, okungasheshisa ukuwohloka kwebhethri ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke, ukushaja kancane kwe-AC kuyithambile kumaseli. Ukushaja ngokushesha kufanele kugcinelwe uhambo olude noma izimo lapho isikhathi sincane ukuze kulondolozwe impilo yebhethri yesikhathi eside.

Amabhethri e-LFP (lithium iron phosphate) anikeza ukuzinza okuhle kakhulu kokushisa, impilo yomjikelezo ende (imijikelezo engu-2,000–5,000), nezindleko eziphansi, kodwa anamandla aphansi. Amabhethri e-NMC (nickel manganese cobalt) anikeza amandla aphezulu, avumela ibanga elide, kodwa ngokuvamile anempilo yomjikelezo emfushane futhi abiza kakhulu. Umkhiqizi wezimoto i-BYD uye wasakaza i-LFP ngenxa yokugxila kwakhe ekuphepheni, kuyilapho ama-EV amaningi aphezulu esebenzisa i-NMC.

Yebo, amabhetri ezimoto zikagesi angashintshwa, nakuba izindleko zingaba zinkulu—ngokuvamile izinkulungwane zamadola ezimbalwa kuye ngohlobo nomthamo. Abanye abakhiqizi banikeza izinhlelo zokushintsha amabhetri, futhi ochwepheshe bezinkampani zangaphandle banikeza amaphakethe amasha noma avuselelwe. Ukunakekela kahle kwe-BMS, njengokusebenzisa i-Fujia Power BMS, kungabambezela isidingo sokushintsha.

Ubuchwepheshe bamabhethri ezimoto zikagesi yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ekukhuleni kokusetshenziswa kwezimoto zikagesi nokwehlisa izindleko. Izinkampani ezithuthukisa noma ezihlinzeka ngamabhethri athuthukile, izinto zokwakha, nezixazululo ze-BMS zingabadlali ababalulekile ochungechungeni lokuhlinzeka ngezimoto zikagesi. Ukulandelela amasheya ezimoto zikagesi kudinga ukuqonda izitayela zamakhemikhali amabhethri, ubukhulu bokukhiqiza, kanye nokusungula izindlela zokugaywa kabusha.

Womabili asebenzisa ikhemikhali ye-lithium-ion, kodwa ibhethri lesithuthuthu sikagesi sika-Ola lincane (ngokuvamile 2–4 kWh), lisebenzisa ugesi ophansi, futhi livame ukuklanyelwa ukushajwa okususwayo. Ubukhulu, isistimu yokupholisa, ne-BMS kwenziwa ngokwezidingo zesikhala nesisindo sezimoto ezinamasondo amabili, kodwa izimiso eziyisisekelo zokuphathwa kwamaseli nokuphepha kokushisa ziyafana.

I-BMS ingumlawuli ohlakaniphile oqapha amandla kagesi, izinga lokushisa, nokugeleza kwamanje kuwo wonke amaseli. Iqinisekisa ukushaja okulinganiselayo, ivimbela ukushaja ngokweqile noma ukukhishwa okujulile, ilawula izimo zokushisa, futhi idlulisela idatha yesimo sempilo emotweni. I-BMS yekhwalithi ephezulu, njengalezo ezivela ku-Fujia Power, ibalulekile ekuphepheni, ekusebenzeni kahle, nasekuphileni isikhathi eside kwebhethri.

Isikhathi sokushaja eziteshini zokushaja ze-tata power sincike ohlotsheni lwe-charger namandla ebhetri yemoto. I-DC fast charger engu-50 kW ingangeza ibanga elingaba ngu-100–150 km emizuzwini engu-30, kanti i-AC charger engu-7 kW ivamise ukuthatha amahora angu-4–6 ukuze igcwalise ngokugcwele ku-pack engu-30–40 kWh ejwayelekile. Indawo nokusetshenziswa okuhambisana nakho nakho kuthinta isivinini sokushaja.

Ukukhiqizwa kwebhethri kuhilela ukumbiwa kwezinto ezifana ne-lithium, i-cobalt, ne-nickel, ezinomthelela emvelweni nasemphakathini, okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni. Kodwa-ke, izifundo zomjikelezo wokuphila zibonisa ukuthi ama-EV asakhiqiza ukukhishwa okuphelele okuphansi kakhulu kunezimoto ezingaphakathi ezivuthayo empilweni yawo yonke. Intuthuko yokugaywa kabusha nokukhiqiza okuhlanzekile kunciphisa kancane kancane umthelela wokukhiqizwa kwebhethri.